Sultan Abdulhamid II, the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire, was remembered in Istanbul on Sunday, 101 years since he passed away.
Abdulhamid II was commemorated in the city's Cemberlitas district, where his gravesite is located, with a ceremony attended by many people, including Coskun Yilmaz, Istanbul's provincial culture and tourism director, and the sultan's grandson Abdulhamid Kayihan Osmanoglu.
Verses from the Quran were read out near his gravesite as part of the commemoration, and participants prayed for the late sultan.
Abdulhamid II, the son of Sultan Abdulmecid, died at Istanbul's Beylerbeyi Palace on Feb. 10, 1918.
- WHO WAS ABDULHAMİD II?
Abdulhamid II was born in Istanbul on Sept. 21,1842. He spent his childhood and youth through the "Tanzimat," a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire that began in 1839. He was a well-educated person who spoke many languages, including French, Arabic and Persian.
With his uncle Sultan Abdulaziz, he traveled through Europe and Egypt, which made him broaden his vision of the world. He knew how to play piano and was also a talented carpenter who made furniture.
Abdulhamid II ruled the Ottoman Empire for 33 years. When he took the throne on Aug. 31, 1876, the empire was facing dire straits due to threats both at home and abroad.
The same year he came to the throne, on Dec. 23 he signed the first constitution of the Ottoman Empire, known as the Kanun-i Esasi, laying the foundations for constitutional government.
He excelled at foreign policy. He tracked political developments across the world closely. He established an intelligence center at the palace.
All the articles written on the Ottoman Empire were brought to this center and reviewed by him. His main goal was to guarantee peace for the empire.
He adopted a policy of pan-Islamism in order to oppose Western intervention in Ottoman affairs.
In economic policy, he prioritized paying off external debts left from previous sultans. He signed an agreement with European creditors on Dec. 20, 1881 to pay off a significant portion of the debts.
Abdulhamid II also took important steps in education. He opened many primary, secondary, and high schools as well as schools for the handicapped and military schools throughout the empire.
Darulfunun, later known as Istanbul University, was founded in 1900.
He lived the life of an ordinary person. He was a generous man who could spend his own money when needed for state affairs as well as his people's benefit.
Using his own money, he had Sisli Etfal Hospital and the Darulacaze nursing house built; both are still operating in Istanbul.
In 1900, he ordered the building of a railway connecting Damascus to the holy cities of Mecca and Medina through Hejaz, Saudi Arabia.
The railway line reached the holy city of Medina in 1908.
Electric tramway lines were opened in many cities. Telegraph lines were set up through Hejaz and Basra, and highways were extended.
He also place great importance on sports. The three biggest clubs in Turkish football -- Fenerbahce, Galatasaray and Besiktas -- were founded during his reign.
On April 13, 1909, a group of people unhappy with Abdulhamid's rule and seeking the replacement of the monarchy with a constitutional government launched an uprising in Istanbul. The bloody uprising lasted 11 days.
Abdulhamid II was deposed on April 27, 1909 after 33 years of rule and replaced by his younger brother, Mehmed V.
On the same night he was dethroned, he was sent to Thessaloniki, in modern-day Greece, along with 38 people, including his family members.
Three years later, on Nov. 1, 1912, Abdulhamid II was sent back to Istanbul, where he spent his last days at Beylerbeyi Palace, in the city's Uskudar district.
